Marzo 2026
DOI
ISSN
3091-180X
Vol. 4 No.10 PP. 91-103
real escaló del 6,3% al 57,7%. Esto evidencia que al omitir los factores de corrección de la OMS
por la altitud geográfica enmascara la anemia en el 51,4% del total de mujeres en estado de
gestación.
Palabras clave: índices eritrocitarios, hemoglobina, anemia, embarazo, diagnóstico.
ABSTRACT: Anemia is a hematological disorder in which the number of red blood cells or
hemoglobin concentration decreases; it can be caused by physiological or demographic factors
(such as high altitude) and socioeconomic factors, particularly in developing countries. During
pregnancy, this condition increases health risks for both the mother and the child, potentially
leading to miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight. During this stage, a series of
changes occur that influence the onset of this health problem by reducing red blood cell indices
due to increased iron consumption, particularly during gestation. To examine erythrocyte
indices for the diagnosis of gestational anemia, its classification, and the influence of
geographic altitude in the Alausí canton. The study methodology is quantitative, cross-sectional
with a prospective time sequence and a non-experimental field design, guided by the
interpretation of blood test results and applying statistical analysis using SPSS Statistics, the
McNemar test, and the chi-square test. The population consisted of 150 pregnant women from
the parishes of Alausí (main), Totoras, Achupallas, Multitud, Tixán, Sibambe, Guasuntos, Nizag,
Sevilla, and Huigra, with a final sample of 111 patients. The erythrocyte indices revealed that
only 7 of the patients evaluated had this condition; the predominant form of anemia was
hypochromic microcytic anemia, even without adjusting for geographical altitude. In contrast,
when the hemoglobin levels were adjusted, 64 of them exhibited this abnormality. A highly
significant difference was demonstrated (p < 0.001), with the actual prevalence rising from 6.3%
to 57.7%. This indicates that omitting the WHO correction factors for geographic altitude masks
anemia in 51.4% of all pregnant women.
Keywords: erythrocyte indices, hemoglobin, anemia, pregnancy, diagnosis
INTRODUCCIÓN
La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha descrito la anemia como un trastorno donde la
cantidad de eritrocitos o la concentración de hemoglobina (Hb) se encuentra por debajo de los
niveles habituales. La Hb es una proteína que transporta oxígeno; cuando un individuo presenta
pocos glóbulos rojos, son irregulares o carecen de hemoglobina adecuada, se disminuye su
habilidad para llevar oxígeno a los tejidos, provocando síntomas como cansancio, debilidad,
mareo y problemas respiratorios, entre otros (1).
La alteración en la concentración de Hb se puede dar por factores demográficos y fisiológicos, es
así como el habitar a varios metros sobre el nivel del mar incrementa los valores de hemoglobina,
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