Marzo 2026
DOI
ISSN
3091-180X
Vol. 4 No.11 PP. 1-13
complicaciones.
Palabras clave: Preeclampsia; síndrome de HELLP; eclampsia; hemorragia obstétrica; shock
hipovolémico; morbimortalidad materna
ABSTRACT: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality
worldwide due to the multisystem complications that can arise during pregnancy, delivery,
and the postpartum period. Among the most severe complications are HELLP syndrome,
eclampsia, and massive obstetric hemorrhage, which may progress to life-threatening shock
states. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze a clinical case of hypovolemic shock
secondary to massive obstetric hemorrhage in a patient with severe preeclampsia and
incomplete HELLP syndrome. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted based on the
review of the medical record of a 28-year-old pregnant woman at 32.6 weeks of gestation
who presented with severe headache, scotomas, tinnitus, epigastric pain, hypertension, and
significant proteinuria. During hospitalization, she was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia
and incomplete HELLP syndrome, and an emergency cesarean section was performed to
terminate the pregnancy. Subsequently, she developed eclampsia, massive obstetric
hemorrhage secondary to uterine atony, and grade IV hypovolemic shock. Management
included magnesium sulfate, uterotonic agents, massive transfusion protocol, vasoactive
support, multiple surgical interventions, and admission to the Intensive Care Unit. The
patient showed favorable evolution after definitive hemorrhage control and hemodynamic
stabilization. It is concluded that early recognition of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
and timely multidisciplinary management are essential to reduce maternal mortality
associated with these complications.
Keywords: Preeclampsia; HELLP syndrome; eclampsia; obstetric hemorrhage; hypovolemic
shock; maternal mortality
INTRODUCCIÓN
Los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo representan una de las principales causas de
morbimortalidad materna y perinatal a nivel mundial, especialmente en países de ingresos
bajos y medios. La preeclampsia se caracteriza por la aparición de hipertensión arterial de
novo después de las 20 semanas de gestación, acompañada de proteinuria o signos de daño
a órgano blanco materno, constituyendo una entidad de alto riesgo obstétrico (1–3). Según la
Organización Mundial de la Salud, estas patologías contribuyen significativamente a la
mortalidad materna global, con una proporción aproximada del 10 al 15 % de las muertes
maternas (13,15).
La fisiopatología de la preeclampsia se basa en una alteración en la invasión trofoblástica de
las arterias espirales uterinas, lo que conduce a una remodelación vascular insuficiente y a
hipoperfusión placentaria. Este proceso desencadena la liberación de factores
antiangiogénicos, estrés oxidativo y mediadores inflamatorios que generan disfunción
endotelial sistémica, vasoconstricción generalizada, aumento de la permeabilidad capilar y
alteraciones en la coagulación (1,10). Estas modificaciones explican la afectación
2
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