RESISTENCIA ANTIMICROBIANA Y DISPENSACIÓN SIN RECETA: ANÁLISIS DEL CUMPLIMIENTO NORMATIVO EN FARMACIAS

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56519/z4434c07

Palabras clave:

Resistencia antimicrobiana, dispensación sin receta, uso racional de medicamentos, cumplimiento normativo, farmacia comunitaria, Antimicrobial resistance, over-the-counter dispensing, rational use of medicines, regulatory compliance, community pharmacy

Resumen

Este estudio analiza el grado de adherencia a la normativa legal que prohíbe la venta de antibióticos sin prescripción médica, un factor determinante en el incremento global de la resistencia antimicrobiana dado que la prevalencia de la dispensación informal de fármacos representa un desafío crítico para la salud pública, toda vez que fomenta el uso inadecuado de agentes terapéuticos y exacerba la selección de cepas bacterianas resistentes.  A este escenario se suma la ausencia de mecanismos regulatorios estrictos en ciertos países, donde la venta de antibióticos se realiza sin la supervisión de un profesional farmacéutico, facilitando así la automedicación y el uso irracional. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos se posiciona actualmente como una de las diez principales amenazas para la salud pública mundial, impulsada por procesos naturales de mutación genética exacerbados por la presión selectiva del consumo inapropiado. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo general determinar la frecuencia real de la dispensación de antibióticos sin prescripción médica mediante técnicas de simulación de casos clínicos, analizando las variaciones en el comportamiento de los establecimientos farmacéuticos ante diversas situaciones de salud. Para ello, se empleará la metodología del paciente simulado, permitiendo observar directamente si el personal farmacéutico ofrece asesoramiento clínico relevante o si prioriza la transacción comercial ante la demanda explícita de un antibiótico. Se llevará a cabo un estudio transversal con enfoque cuantitativo utilizando la técnica de paciente simulado en una muestra representativa de farmacias comunitarias, permitiendo evaluar de manera estandarizada las respuestas del personal ante solicitudes de antimicrobianos sin receta. El diseño muestral considerará la variabilidad geográfica y demográfica de los establecimientos, asegurando que los casos simulados reflejen patologías comunes que habitualmente motivan la búsqueda de antibióticos por automedicación.  Los datos preliminares indican que una proporción significativa de los establecimientos continúa dispensando antibióticos bajo la presión del usuario, evidenciando una brecha crítica entre la normativa vigente y la praxis profesional.

ABSTRACT: 

This study analyzes the degree of adherence to legal regulations prohibiting the sale of antibiotics without a prescription, a determining factor in the global increase in antimicrobial resistance. The prevalence of informal drug dispensing represents a critical public health challenge, as it encourages the inappropriate use of therapeutic agents and exacerbates the selection of resistant bacterial strains. This scenario is compounded by the absence of strict regulatory mechanisms in certain countries, where antibiotics are sold without the supervision of a pharmacist, thus facilitating self-medication and irrational use. Antimicrobial resistance is currently ranked among the top ten threats to global public health, driven by natural processes of genetic mutation exacerbated by the selective pressure of inappropriate consumption. The general objective of this study is to determine the actual frequency of antibiotic dispensing without a prescription using clinical case simulation techniques, analyzing variations in the behavior of pharmacies in different health situations. To this end, the simulated patient methodology will be employed, allowing direct observation of whether pharmacy staff offer relevant clinical advice or prioritize the commercial transaction when faced with an explicit request for an antibiotic. A cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach will be conducted using the simulated patient technique in a representative sample of community pharmacies, allowing for a standardized evaluation of staff responses to requests for non-prescription antimicrobials. The sample design will consider the geographical and demographic variability of the establishments, ensuring that the simulated cases reflect common pathologies that typically motivate the search for antibiotics through self-medication. Preliminary data indicate that a significant proportion of establishments continue to dispense antibiotics under pressure from users, highlighting a critical gap between current regulations and professional practice.

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2026-06-09

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RESISTENCIA ANTIMICROBIANA Y DISPENSACIÓN SIN RECETA: ANÁLISIS DEL CUMPLIMIENTO NORMATIVO EN FARMACIAS. (2026). VitalyScience Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria , 4(10), 172-187. https://doi.org/10.56519/z4434c07