ESTRÉS ACADÉMICO Y RESPUESTA FISIOLÓGICA: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE BIOMARCADORES EN POBLACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56519/zpjb0t67Palabras clave:
estrés académico, cortisol, biomarcadores inflamatorios, estudiantes universitarios, revisión sistemática, eje HPA, academic stress, inflammatory biomarkers, university students, systematic review, HPA axisResumen
Actualmente, el estrés académico constituye un problema de salud pública que afecta negativamente a los estudiantes universitarios. Además, se acompaña de repercusiones fisiológicas a nivel neuroendocrino, inflamatorio y oxidativo. El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática fue sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre los cambios en los biomarcadores inflamatorios, hematológicos y neuroendocrinos asociados al estrés académico en estudiantes universitarios. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva tomando en cuenta los lineamientos PRISMA 2020 en bases de datos (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus y Web of Science) utilizando términos específicos (como estrés académico, biomarcadores y estudiantes universitarios). Tras la depuración de 50 investigaciones iniciales, se seleccionaron 20 estudios mediante herramientas estandarizadas (NOS y RoB 2). Se evidencian las elevaciones concomitantes de los marcadores proinflamatorios (proteína C reactiva, IL-6 e IL-1β) y del estrés oxidativo vascular mediados por la enzima NOX2 y peróxido de hidrógeno. En los hombres se tiende a elevar más el cortisol con mayores tendencias inflamatorias, mientras que las mujeres son afectadas más en la parte emocional. La relajación muscular progresiva, la desintoxicación digital y el yoga evidenciaron su capacidad para modular, en parte, dichos biomarcadores. Se concluye que el estrés académico genera una respuesta sistémica detectable y cuantificable mediante diversos biomarcadores, lo que respalda la necesidad de implementar con urgencia estrategias de monitoreo y manejo del estrés en entornos universitarios.
ABSTRACT:
Currently, academic stress is a public health issue that negatively affects university students. Furthermore, it is associated with physiological consequences at the neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and oxidative levels. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the available evidence on changes in inflammatory, hematological, and neuroendocrine biomarkers associated with academic stress in university students. A comprehensive search was conducted in databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) using specific terms (such as academic stress, biomarkers, and university students), taking into account the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. After filtering out 50 initial studies, 20 were selected using standardized tools (NOS and RoB 2). The results show concomitant elevations in proinflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL-6, and IL-1β) and vascular oxidative stress mediated by the NOX2 enzyme and hydrogen peroxide. Men tend to experience higher cortisol levels and greater inflammatory tendencies, while women are more affected emotionally. Progressive muscle relaxation, digital detox, and yoga have demonstrated the ability to partially modulate these biomarkers. It is concluded that academic stress generates a detectable and quantifiable systemic response through various biomarkers, supporting the urgent need to implement stress monitoring and management strategies in university settings.
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